A Case Summary for Psychological Assessment -myassignmenthelp

Question: Expound on aCase Summary for Psychological Assessment. Answer: Case history of John John is 45-year-elderly person who is living with his family. John was alluded to the Monash Medical focus with the historical backdrop of cerebral pain and muscle torment in the legs that he had to exit his position as a craftsman. John is an English Carpenter who is has accompanied the issue of major strong agony and has issues in sitting and keeping in mind that strolling. He is all around arranged and well perfuse. There was no anomaly found while taking a gander at him in any case. Inclining factors John has a solid family ancestry, which inclines him to build up a state of mind issue. As indicated by Levinson et al. (2014),a huge example of individuals determined to have non-on edge control and general tension issue demonstrated the family ancestry of the mental issues. According to the social hereditary qualities research, metal issue are exceptionally credited to hereditary components. Johns cousin was experiencing Bipolar Disorder and Johns kin has posttraumatic stress issue. In any case, it is clear that John has a solid hereditary history that can impact the mental state of John. Life story of Psychological Assessment It has been seen through a few explores that the mental evaluation tests are a lot of like the clinical tests. The patients when have their clinical side effects are given sure blood tests or physical assessment tests that are useful to comprehend the reason for the side effects of the patient (Zacher, 2014). The aftereffects of the tests are the will consistently assist the doctor with developing a current arrangement of the treatment. The different mental assessments are accomplished for the psychological prosperity of the patients that pretty much fills a similar need. The therapist utilizes the tests and the other type of the evaluation apparatuses that are utilized for watching the conduct of the customer and thus they can go to the correct conclusion and the guide for the treatment of the patients (Staff, Hogan Whalley, 2017). The analysts control the different types of tests and the appraisals for the wide scope of reasons. The kids who are confronting issues in perusing and c omposing, the laborers who are confronting a few issues in their work environment or whatever other individual who have their issues that are for the most part and uneasiness can be surveyed by the different test reports and appraisal procedures that are actualized by the analysts (Bryman, 2015). The character tests are the most widely recognized type of test or measures that evaluate the attributes of the person that are not affected by the conviction and that are supposed to be on the autonomous type of the predisposition. The target types of the tests are really the proportions of the attributes of the person through the appraisal forms. The character tests are commonly intelligent and the evaluation results reports their actual character Portrayal of the instruments there are three sorts of hardware that was executed on the patient to realize their actual character report. The three types of devices that were utilized for this investigation was NEO PI R, Life story meet and Thematic Apperception Test. Right off the bat, biography report is the meetings that are done on the customer where he/she need to inform the clinicians regarding their biography. The social researchers have consistently intrigued to find out about the narratives of the past of the people and about the plans that they need to achieve in their future. The customer is asked to concentrate on the key inquiries that are gotten some information about their past. They needs just spotlight on the scenes, characters and the thoughts that are asked by the clinicians to them (Zacher, 2014). There are no set in stone to the responses to the inquiries. Their errand is to advise about the past occurrences and to envision their future. They need to cover the regions, for example, high point, depressed spot, defining moment, positive type of the beloved memory, negative cherished memory and clear type of grown-up memory in their life history (Bryman, 2015). They additionally need to concentrate on the few difficulties of thei r life and they have to beat those difficulties in an everyday premise. The NEO PI R, is the second device that are use for the appraisal of the character of the customer. It is a normalized type of survey and it gives a deliberate type of enthusiastic, exploratory, inspirational and the disposition styles with a point by point method of the portrayal of the of the character. The Neo PI R is the brief structure that comprises of the five fundamental spaces of character that have the six significant structure that characterizes each kind of the characteristics of the character. The abbreviated variant of the Neo Five factor stock is contained 60 things that have 12 things for each area. Both the stock Neo PI R and Neo FFI are been refreshed from a more drawn out period and it has been at last refreshed in the time of 2010. The Neo PI R surveys the enormous five type of the character attributes that incorporates the Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism. In any case, the stock surveys the six type of the subordinate type of the measurements that have the components that are identified with the variables of the principle character. Paul Costa Jr and Robert MaCrae have built up the test that can be utilized by the grown-up men and the ladies without the unmistakable type of the psychopathology. The third kind of appraisal that are utilized for the investigation is the Thematic Apperception Test apperception test or TAT is one of the projective procedure, which gauges and assess the examples of the people mentalities, the examples where they think, passionate reactions to the test materials that are questionable. TAT is the case of the instrument of projection that encourages the individual to extend their point of view and enthusiastic reactions. The TAT quantifies the three types of the resistance systems that incorporate the disavowal, distinguishing proof and projection. The people musings and history of the safeguard components utilized are investigated in the narratives that are told by them by observing the cards. The discrete element of the scale breaks down the social discernment and the article relationship of the perception of the patient. The complexities of the portrayal of the individuals are influenced by the tone of the relationship, the ethical guidelines an d the comprehension of the setback of the general public. Results John scored a crude score of (N = 1300 on the Neuroticism scale (N), t= 78 On the Neuroticism Scale (N), John scored a crude score of N = 130, t= 78 Andy scored exceptionally high on the Neuroticism Scale (crude score (N) = 130, t=78) Translation of the information In the event of the TAT test, it has been seen that the customer was pulling two cards that shows the card that was pull out was for the barrier components. From various types of studies, plainly the diverse TAT cards pull for various barriers. These discoveries give the sign that the cards may probably pull the specific type of the safeguards. Results show that two cards (3BM, 8BM) are probably going to pull for forswearing. These two cards both remember a firearm for the image, which maybe represents the utilization of the protection to repudiate this possible danger (Ispas et al., 2014). Cards 3BM and 8BM likewise pull for projection, as do 6BM, 15, and 18GF, yet these last three cards are very unique in content and don't give any free clarification to their elicitation from projection. Cards 1, 2, 6BM, and 7BM all draw for recognizable proof. Cards 1 and 2 both recommend the nearness of cerebral action or work. Cards 6BM and 7BM both incorporate two figures, every dyad speaking t o more seasoned and more youthful individuals who are maintaining a strategic distance from association, maybe showing both alliance just as the requirement for individual separation. These highlights could be viewed as adding to the safeguard of recognizable proof. The discoveries additionally propose that some TAT cards are moderately impartial as far as pulling for resistance systems. The report of the biography report proposes that the customer has different types of frailty because of his past occasions. The issue of state of mind issue and pervasiveness of neuroticism are found eagerly in his family ancestry. John has a solid family ancestry, which inclines him to build up a temperament issue. As per Levinson et al. (2014),a enormous example of individuals determined to have non-on edge control and general uneasiness issue demonstrated the family ancestry of the mental issues. According to the social hereditary qualities research, metal issue are exceptionally credited to hereditary variables. Johns cousin was experiencing Bipolar Disorder and Johns kin has posttraumatic stress issue. In any case, it is obvious that John has a solid hereditary history that can impact the mental state of John. John endured an insect nibble created cellulites, burst his foremost cruciate tendon, medical procedure on butt-centric fistula and analyzed of osteitis pubis. He has been likewise experiencing working environment stress factor, work environment tormenting, serious loss of working, no work limit, loss of critical help from work and family. He has been likewise experiencing money related strain is the major propagating factor for his downturn and tension. The third instrument that was utilized on the customer to think about his character attribute was the NEO PIR. From the consequences of the NEO PI R stock, it was discovered that the customer is has scored higher in the hypochondriac feature and introspection aspect. This is on the grounds that the sort of condition he is living will undoubtedly give him the issues and make him slanted towards misery and tension. It has been seen from the existence history examination of John that he is experiencing immense money related emergency. In this way, it is a lot of clear that he is slanted towards despondency. In addition, his hereditary history likewise depicts that there is a bipolar issue and state of mind issue history in his family. Along these lines, the NEP PI R scale shows that he has scored higher in Ne

Mars Rover free essay sample

Along these lines the power of gravity on Mars is around 33% of that on Earth. Mars is likely the planet we know the most about since it is so near Earth, however what we realize now isn't close by anyone's standards to everything about the planet. In the course of recent decades, people have been intrigued about existence on defaces. In 1877, Giovanni Schiaparelli, an Italian cosmologist, was the primary individual to draw a guide of Mars. His guide indicated an arrangement of streaks or channels, which he called canali. In 1910, the U. S. cosmologist Percival Lowell mentioned objective facts of Mars and composed a book. In his book, Lowell portrayed Mars as a withering planet where the developments manufactured a broad system of trenches to disperse water from the polar areas to the focal point of the planet. Mars was found by researchers in the 1600’s. Specialists descried a pale pink article that was just obvious in the early morning not long before day break. We will compose a custom article test on Mars Rover or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The article drew nearer to the stars, got more brilliant throughout the following year and rose before and before. At that point it turned around course. Mars was the third most splendid item in the night sky, it had an extreme red shading and could see throughout the night. In the wake of moving the other way for around 70 days, it switched heading once more, and bit by bit got dimmer. It was just noticeable at night sky and set before and before. After one more year it again was a pale pink article, this time just obvious soon after dusk. Soon after that, it couldn't be obvious by any stretch of the imagination. It stayed concealed for around one hundred days when the cycle started once more. Each cycle took barely two years. Researchers accepted that water may have existed on the planet Mars. The all out excursion time from Earth to Mars takes between 150-300 days epending on the speed of the dispatch, the arrangement of Earth and Mars, and the length of the excursion the shuttle takes to arrive at its objective. We would require food, squander removal, oxygen, and the matter of returning to earth. Another explanation we wouldnt send people to damages dont know how our body would respond to defaces climate. Mars doesnt have an attractive field, for ex ample, earth, our planet shut it out. On the off chance that a human went to defaces for a while there is a 40% possibility they would return with disease. So as of now meanderers are our best choice. The primary meanderer ever sent blemishes was in 1962 called Mariner 3. The wanderer never arrived on defaces it was a flyby which implies it just took photos of the planet while in obit. In 1965 Mariner 4 took more pictures. In 1969, flybys finished and NASA concocted shuttles. Sailor 9 was the primary wanderer to take photos of the whole surface of Mars when it arrived in 1972. In the mid 70’s, they propelled Viking 1 and 2, they were the first to find bright radiation with dry soil and oxidizing nature keeping creatures from framing. The expense, to manufacture a wanderer is around 2. 7 billion dollars, for us to send over people the expense is twice so much. Sojourner, which propelled in 1996 and arrived in 1997, was a piece of the Mars Pathfinder Mission. The itty-bitty meanderer tipped the scales at 23 pounds. It was 26 inches in length, 19 inches wide, and 12 inches tall. In 83 Martian long stretches of activity, Sojourner never wandered in excess of 40 feet from its la nder, and its odometer for the entire excursion read uniquely around 330 feet. The wanderer snapped 550 photos and performed tests on a stone named Yogi. In 2001 NASA found ice when the rocket Odyssey circled Mars and took pictures. What Spirit and Opportunity discovered was an a good representative for the innovation that permitted them to investigate Mars. Inside a few months of handling, the Opportunity revealed proof of saltwater, which leaves open the likelihood that life (and fossil signs) may at one time have existed on the planet. Soul discovered rocks that highlighted a before, unrulier Mars that was set apart by impacts, unstable volcanism and subsurface water [source: NASA Mars]. Water is key on the grounds that wherever we discover water on Earth we discover life, NASAs Web webpage. Be that as it may, we are as yet uncertain life existed on Mars. The wanderer Curiosity, at last arrived on damages August 6, 2012, it was propelled November 26, 2011. Before NASA could be propelled Curiosity, the wanderer it needed to experience arrangement of test, drop tests, pull test, drive test, load test, stress tests, and shorting tests. So researchers needed to understand that Earth and Mars spin around the sun at various rates meaning it takes Mars 686 earths days and the Earth 365 days. They did to make sense of when Mars was nearest to Earth. Interest was propelled from Cape Canaveral. Stage one, it arrives at space and the tip of the cone opens and tumble off. During the subsequent stage, a centuar motor turns over setting the vehicle into obit. When everything is alined the subsequent motor begins to carry it to damages. When Curiosity is on Mars it will do assignments, for example, gathering rock, soil examining and putting in them on instruments in request to be investigated. What goes into the meanderer (Siceloff, Steven. Mars Rover Well-Equipped for Studies. NASAs John F. Kennedy Space Center. Nov. 22, 2011. (Dec. 9, 2011) http://www. nasa. gov/mission_pages/msl/dispatch/mslprelaunchfeature. html): A scaled down gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer will isolate and break down concoction mixes in tests. A tunable laser spectrometer will search for natural (carbon-containing) mixes and decide the proportion of key isotopes both fundamental to opening Marss air and amphibian past. CheMin, a X-beam diffraction and fluorescence instrument, will gauge the mass piece of tests and recognize their constituent minerals. Situated on the wanderer arm, the Mars Hand Lens Imager will photo rocks, soil and, if present, ice in outrageous close-up. This uber-camera can spot subtleties more slender than a human hair or spotlight on objects in excess of an a safe distance away. The Alpha Particle X-beam Spectrometer for Mars Science Laboratory, additionally situated on the arm, will make sense of the overall measures of different components present in Martian shakes and soils. Curiositys neck, or pole, is additionally decked out in instrumentation: The Mars Science Laboratory Mast Camera (MSLMC), connected at natural eye tallness, will enable the meanderer to explore and record its environmental factors in high-goals sound system and shading stills or superior quality video. The MSLMC can see materials gathered or treated by the arm. Sound system peril evasion cameras found further down the pole will help the meanderers route. Another pole mounted instrument, ChemCam, will disintegrate slim layers of material up to 30 feet (9 meters) away utilizing laser beats, at that point examine them with its spectrometer. Its telescope can catch pictures of the shafts target territory. The Radiation Assessment Detector will screen surface radiation levels. The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station will take readings of air pressure, temperature, dampness and wind, just as levels of bright radiation. The Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons instrument can identify hydrogen a potential pointer of ice or water caught in minerals up to 3 feet (1 meter) underneath the surface. Earthlings have for quite some time been captivated by the planet Mars. A long time before present day sci-fi hypothesized about cutting edge civic establishments upon Mars, the red planet was viewed as a malignant specialist of war, disease, and prophetically catastrophic calamity occupied with minimal green men. For untold centuries preceding logical space science and a long time before there were any records which could appropriately be called authentic, people related legends encompassing their most loved saints and divine beings about Mars. It wasn’t until the seventeenth century when Mars was first found by researchers that we started to comprehend the red planet. The principal meanderer sent to Mars was in 1962. The primary fruitful crucial the 1964 excursion by the Mariner 4, a United States create that returned 21 pictures of the planet. In 1969 the flybys finished and In 1972 pictures were taken of the planets surface by the meanderer Mariner 9. Viking 1 and 2, which propelled in the mid-70s, both had landers that slipped to the outside of Mars. In 2003, the Mars Exploration Rover strategic propelled Spirit and Opportunity, one of which was all the while crossing the planet as 2011 finished. Which drives us to Curiosity and 2012. Interest, recently known as the Mars Science Laboratory weighs 2000 pounds and has an arranged strategic of 23 Earth months, which it could surpass by a long while, in view of NASAs involvement in the Spirit and Opportunity wanderers. Consistent with its old name (Mars Science Laboratory), Curiosity is pressed with instruments as referenced previously. Who realizes what our interest will prompt. Ideally, life.

Not Admitted

Not Admitted This year was the most competitive ever for MIT admissions. Admitting just 12% of applicants means that we had to turn away many, many incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk. Not Admitted Admitting such a small percentage of the applicant pool means that we unfortunately have to turn away many, many incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk. Not Admitted With an 8% increase in applications, this year was again the most competitive ever for MIT admissions. Admitting less than 12% of applicants means that we had to turn away many, many incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk. Not Admitted Admitting such a small percentage of the applicant pool means that we unfortunately have to turn away many, many incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk. Not admitted This year was the most competitive ever for MIT admissions. Admitting fewer than 13% of applicants means we had to turn away many, many incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open post for you to talk. And, if you havent already, check out Bens latest post. Not Admitted There were a record number of applications for Early Action this year, which unfortunately means that we had to turn down a great number of incredible students. For those of you who fall into this category, this is an open forum for you to talk.

`` Happiness Is A Warm Planet `` By Thomas Gale Moore

â€Å"Happiness Is a Warm planet†, by Thomas Gale Moore is an article concerning global warming. In the article, Moore claims that â€Å"Global warming, if it were to occur, would probably be beneficial to most Americans†. The main points that Moore explains in the article are that everyone will benefit from the rising temperatures, the cost of fighting CO2 emissions cost too much,, and that America will pay the price from third world countries not being able to keep up with new conditions. Essentially, his idea is that global warming would have a positive outcome. He believes that nothing should be done to stop global warming. Moore s statements that global warming would be beneficial lacks evidence and reason. If nothing is done to stop global†¦show more content†¦Destructive storms, rising sea levels, and the problems with the Arctic heating up are just some of the multiple ways that global warming will hurt our planet. Moore mentioned in his article that h uman life would be better because of the warm temperatures. Yes, it is true that a lot of people do enjoy a warm day to a cold day, but what Moore seems to have left out is that for us to enjoy anything, we need to have an Earth that is not dangerous to human health. One of the first problems associated with climate change and human health is the toll extreme heat can take. It can cause heat strokes, dehydration, and cardiovascular issues. People living in more northern parts are at a higher risk for this because their bodies are not used to coping with high temperatures. Moore stated in this article that heating costs would go down, but forgot to mention the opposite of heating. Air conditioning would need to be installed to make homes an environment that people can live in without encountering the conditions listed above. Air quality is also a factor that would worsen if the temperatures continue to grow. Wildfires would become more common, which would lead to the air we breath be coming contaminated from pollutants. Water vapor levels will rise with global warming are expected and will increase the ground levelShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSelf-Assessment Library What’s My Emotional Intelligence Score? 115 An Ethical Choice Schadenfreude 120 Point/Counterpoint Sometimes Blowing Your Top Is a Good Thing 122 Questions for Review 121 Experiential Exercise Who Can Catch a Liar? 123 Ethical Dilemma Happiness Coaches for Employees 123 Case Incident 1 Is It Okay to Cry at Work? 124 Case Incident 2 Can You Read Emotions from Faces? 124 S A L S A L 5 Personality and Values 131 Personality 133 What Is Personality? 133 †¢ The Myers-BriggsRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesconcludes his rather pessimistic assessment of these key dimensions of the twentieth-century experience with cautionary explorations of key sources of our increased recognition and understanding of these processes and their implications for life on the planet, as well as with an overview of some of the measures that have been proposed for bringing them under control. Taken together, the thematic essays included in this collection provide the basis for fashioning a coherent, inclusive, and wide-ranging

The Myth Of Sisyphus By Albert Camus - 1281 Words

The Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay authored by Albert Camus. Originally published in French in 1942 as Le Mythe de Sisyphe, It was translated into English by Justin O’Brien in 1955. Camus in this essay introduces his concept of the â€Å"absurd†. He talks of man s futile search for meaning, unity, and clarity. He states that for man the world becomes an unintelligible space which is devoid of God, moral ethics and eternal truths. In such a situation one is forced to contemplate ‘Is suicide the only way out hence?’ Camus is of the opinion that by revolting against the absurdity of life one can overcome absurdity. Camus goes on to discuss the similarities between Sisyphus and modern day man’s life. Sisyphus was punished by the God’s to eternally push a boulder up the hill just to see it roll back down. The essay concludes, The struggle itself [...] is enough to fill a man s heart. One must imagine Sisyphus happy. Camus addresses the issue of man’s aspirations for a better tomorrow, without realizing that each day brings him closer to his ultimate reality: death. Death is the ultimate reality of all mankind something one fails to acknowledge in one’s lifetime. The world once stripped of its ideal romanticism, is a strange, inhuman and foreign place. True knowledge is impossible and not everything can be reasoned or answered through science. From the moment absurdity is recognized, it becomes a passion, the most harrowing of all. Sisyphus as represented by Camus is aShow MoreRelatedThe Myth Of Sisyphus By Albert Camus1013 Words   |  5 PagesRob Campbell Mr. Foley Hon. World Lit-D Period 21 September 2017 An Existential Hero â€Å"The Myth of Sisyphus† by Albert Camus is a symbolic commentary on life s inherent meaning, or more specifically, the lack thereof and how one may come to terms with their fate. For centuries, philosophers have pondered upon the idea that there is not an intrinsic meaning in the universe. One major response to such a belief is Existentialism. The system of beliefs known as Existentialism states that through a combinationRead More Albert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus Essays814 Words   |  4 PagesAlbert Camus The Myth of Sisyphus Albert Camus essay, The Myth Of Sisyphus is an insightful analysis of the classic work, The Myth Of Sisyphus. In some regards Camus view of Sisyphus can seem quite accurate and in tune with the original text, but based on Camus interpretation of the justness of Sisyphus punishment, it is clear that the writer has some different ideas as well. Camus concludes that this punishment does not have the effect the Gods had intended, and ultimately theRead MoreThe Myth Of Sisyphus By Albert Camus Analysis1190 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays, author and philosopher Albert Camus develops the theme of existentialism through his ideas of the absurd, suicide, and hope. By addressing prominent questions such as â€Å"what does it mean to live?† and â€Å"what is my real identity?†, Camus emphasizes that the true â€Å"purpose† in life is to embrace the freedom of being able to choose how we define our lives, even if life ultimately has no mean ing. In this research paper, I wanted to further analyze Camus’ ideas,Read MoreFrench Existentialism: Albert Camus Myth of the Sisyphus687 Words   |  3 PagesFriedrich Nietzsche had a profound effect on French existentialism, and his influence is readily apparent in the works of Albert Camus and Jean Paul Sartre. Nietzsches teaching that reality is open to human making and imagination is nothing new; but Nietzsches contention that nearly the whole of human existence is framed by whatever stamp human beings place on it is a radical break with past classical and Enlightenment philosophy. Indeed, the fact that Nietzsches philosophy teaches that allRead MoreFrom Parallel Worlds in Franz Kafka ´s The Metamorphosis and Albert Camus ´ The Myth of Sisyphus798 Words   |  3 Pagessaying, â€Å"same stuff different story,† comes into play. Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis and Albert Camus’ The Myth of Sisyphus each have a protagonist that lives in an absurd world. Gregor Samsa and Sisyphus go through some type of change or punishment that makes their existence insignificant. Gregor Samsa becomes a metaphorical and physical â€Å"bug† to his family and must spend the rest life this way. Sisyphus is punished by the Gods and must spend the rest of his life pushing a massive boulder up aRead MoreEssay Theory of the Absurd1667 Words   |  7 Pagesover insignificant things and rejecting the notion of â€Å"logic.† Albert Camus, a major writer of the â€Å"Theatre of the Absurd†, construes the â€Å"Absurd† by completely varying this concept through the human personality, exemplified by The Stranger and â€Å"The Myth of Sisyphus.† Camus redefines the absurd by envisioning the â€Å"absurd† as a world consisting of â€Å"the struggle to find meaning where none exists† (Albert). In The Stranger, Camus writes about a man named Meursault, who one day is notified thatRead MoreThe Conundrum Of Existence : The Many Comparisons Of Manfred And Sisyphus1147 Words   |  5 PagesThe Conundrum of Existence: The Many Comparisons of Manfred and Sisyphus â€Å"As thy shadow on the spot, And the power which thou dost feel shall be what thou must conceal,† (Byron I. I. 229-231). Emotions quickly set the scene in Lord Byron’s dramatic poem, â€Å"Manfred†. The man, deranged from the feeling of immense guilt and peril of a first unnamed sin, makes his angst known from the very beginning. Yet, he seems to hide a deep secret. Byron’s poem â€Å"Manfred† provides the audience with a glimpse intoRead MoreEssay on The Myth of Sisyphus706 Words   |  3 PagesThe Myth Of Sisyphus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The myth of Sisyphus was a paper written by Albert Camus to show that life has no ultimate meaning. This goals of men and woman are false and in the end humans really accomplish nothing. Camus represented his idea of existentialism through the use of Sisyphus. This allows us to see a comparison of a mythical tale and the real world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Albert Camus feeling towards existence was that humans were not supposed to be living in the world. Camus believed that there wasRead MoreExistentialism And The Absurd By Albert Camus1186 Words   |  5 Pageswork. In his various books, short stories, and plays, the French-Algerian writer Albert Camus relates to his philosophical beliefs: specifically existentialism and the absurd, as well as his connecting idea of rebellion. Camus’ most prominent works – such as the novels The Plague, The Stranger, The Rebel, and others – reflect these beliefs and ideas he held. Though he was and continues to be considered as one, Camus made a point of rejecting the label of an existentialist. Existentialism is essentiallyRead More The Human Condition Essay605 Words   |  3 Pagesdiscouraging? In Albert Camus’s â€Å"The Myth of Sisyphus,† Camus describes the correlation between Sisyphus’s fate and the human condition. In the selection, everyday is the same for Sisyphus. Sisyphus is condemned to rolling a rock up a mountain for eternity. Camus’s â€Å"The Myth of Sisyphus† forces one to contemplate Sisyphus’s fate, how it relates to the human condition, and how it makes the writer feel about her part in life. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Camus states â€Å"if this myth is tragic, that

Module a Free Essays

Whilst texts may be fictitious constructs of composers’ imaginations, they also explore and address the societal issues and paradigms of their eras. This is clearly the case with Mary Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein (1818), which draws upon the rise of Galvanism and the Romantic Movement of the 1800’s, as well as Ridley Scott’s film Blade Runner (1992), reflecting upon the increasing computing industry and the predominance of capitalism within the late 20th Century. Hence, an analysis of both in light of their differing contexts reveal how Shelley and Scott ultimately warn us of the dire consequences of our desire for omnipotence and unrestrained scientific progress, concepts which link the two texts throughout time. We will write a custom essay sample on Module a or any similar topic only for you Order Now Composed in a time of major scientific developments, including Galvani’s concept of electricity as a reanimating force, Shelley’s Frankenstein utilises the creative arrogance of the Romantic imagination to fashion a Gothic world in which the protagonist’s usurpation of the divine privilege of creation has derailed the conventional lines of authority and responsibility. Her warning of the dangers of such actions is encapsulated within Victor’s retrospective words of â€Å"how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge†, whilst Shelley’s use of a fragmented epistolatory narrative adds a disturbing sense of truth, foreshadowing the dark consequences of Frankenstein’s actions. Moreover, her allusions to John Milton’s Paradise Lost evoke the poetic retelling of Satan’s fall from grace, wherein the daemon’s association with â€Å"the fallen angel† exacerbates the effects of Victor’s rejection, ultimately transforming its â€Å"benevolent nature† into a thirst for retribution. Together with its questioning of how Victor could â€Å"sport with life†, Shelley’s warning reverberates past the page, directly questioning the scientists of her era, including evolutionary theorist Erasmus Darwin, to reinforce the dangers of our humanity’s inherent yearning to play the role of the Creator. Such a warning also exists within Scott’s Blade Runner, hence linking the two texts throughout time, where the director echoes the rise of capitalist ideals and the Wall Street mantra, â€Å"greed is good†, through the symbolic dominance of Tyrell’s towering ziggurat, a reflection of both his desire for omnipotence and commercial power. Tyrell’s egocentric nature is epitomised within the religious connotations of his abode, including his voluminous bed, modeled after that of Pope John Paul II, as well as his reference to Batty as â€Å"the prodigal son†. Such symbols are unnervingly subverted through both the foreboding Chiarscuro of flickering candle-light with shadow and his violent death at the hands of his own creation. Scott’s warning of the dangers of such a desire is also evident within the expansive shots of 2019 LA, revealing a dark and tenebrous world lit by the glow of corporate advertisements, a representation of a bleak future dominated by commercial dominance. Hence, by drawing upon elements of his context, including the growth of capitalism and the ‘trickle-down theory’ of Reagan’s era, Scott positions us to reassess the consequences of overstepping our boundaries. In addition, both texts’ warnings also encompass the dangers of unrestrained scientific progress, where Frankenstein further demonstrates the Romantic Movement’s influence on Shelley’s mindset, as her criticisms of the Age of Reason and Industrial Revolution reflect their denigration of rationality. The imagery of the â€Å"dead corpse† and repetitious use of â€Å"horror† upon the creation of the â€Å"miserable monster† establish a strong aura of death and despair around this scientific advancement, whilst Victor’s warning of Walton to â€Å"avoid ambitions of science and discoveries† encapsulates Shelley’s vilification of contributors to the Industrial Revolution, including renowned inventor James Watt. Moreover, Shelley stresses her warning through the protagonists’ connections with nature, where Victor’s â€Å"insensibility to its charms†, arising from his immersion in science, results in his â€Å"deep, dark and deathlike solitude†, with the heavy alliteration exemplifying his degraded sense of humanity. Conversely, the monster possesses greater â€Å"benevolence† and a more intimate connection with â€Å"the pleasant showers and genial warmth of spring†, with such characterisation capturing Shelley’s reflection of Romanticism’s idolisation of nature, cautioning us against the dehumanising effect of unrestrained scientific advancement. Blade Runner is no different, with Scott’s reflection of the explosion of technological progress during the 1980’s, including the rise of computing giants IBM and Microsoft, highlighting the dangers of such unrestrained progress. Most notable is the opening panoramic shot of blazing smokestacks which, together with the haunting synthetic pulses of the Vangelis soundtrack, establishes a festering miasma of technological overload, adding further semiotic weight to the film’s nightmarish dystopian agenda. Indeed, this portrayal of a decaying environment reflects the growing ecological awareness of the 1980’s, which, whilst different to Shelley’s Romantic values, is similarly employed to highlight the destruction of mankind due to technology. Moreover, Scott illuminates us to the dehumanising effects of such progress, foregrounded through Deckard’s â€Å"retiring† of the Replicant Zhora. Here, the stylistic placement of the transparent poncho places further emphasises the violence of her death, with slow-motion low angle shot conveying her heightened sense of humanity within her last painful moments. In contrast, Deckard’s emotionless features, together with the monotonous drone of the droid, suggests that our artificial creations will ultimately lead to the dehumanising of mankind, undermining our humanist framework and hence, warns us of the dire consequences of unchecked scientific progress. Thus, we can see how both Shelley and Scott reflect their zeitgeists in their texts, Frankenstein and Blade Runner, as they draw upon the societal concerns of their times in order to warn us of the consequences of overstepping our boundaries and unbridled technological advancement. Subsequently, it becomes evident that despite their temporal and contextual differences, both texts are in fact linked through their common concerns and concepts. How to cite Module a, Papers

Rousseau On Civil Religion Essay Example For Students

Rousseau On Civil Religion Essay Religion is a component of almost every society. Knowing this, one might look atthe function it serves. For Jean-Jacques Rousseau, religion, specifically acivil religion established by the Sovereign, is an instrument of politics thatserves a motivating function. In a new society people are unable to understandthe purpose of the law. Therefore, civil religion motivates people to obey thelaw because they fear some divine being. For a developed society, civil religionmotivates people to maintain the habit of obedience because they grow tounderstand and love the law. First of all, it is necessary to clarifyRousseaus ideas on religion. In Chapter Eight of On the Social Contract,Rousseau distinguishes four types of religion. The first of these is thereligion of man. According to Rousseau, this type of religion iswithout temples, alters or rites. It is limited to the purely internalcult of the supreme God and to the eternal duties of moralityis the pure andsimple religion of the Gospel, the true theism, and what can be called naturaldivine law (SC, Bk IV, Ch. 8) In addition, he describes the religion ofman as Christianity. However, it is different than the Christianity of todayin that it is focused on the Gospels and through this holy, sublime, truereligion, men, in being the children of the same God, all acknowledge oneanother as brothers, and the society that united them is not dissolved even indeath (SC, Bk IV, Ch. 8). Rousseau finds fault in this type of religion. TrueChristianity of this sort would require every citizen to be an equally goodChristian for peace and harmony to be maintained. In addition, Rousseau arguesthat it would be unlikely for every man to be concerned only with heavenlythings. He anticipated that a single ambitious man, a single hypocrite, aCataline, for example, or a Cromwell, he would quite undoubtedly gain an upperhand on his pious compatriots (SC, Bk IV. Ch. 8). Rousseau defines the secondtype of religion as the religion of the citizen. H e states, The other,inscribed in a single country, gives it its gods, its own titulary patrons. Ithas its dogmas, its rites its exterior cult prescribed by its laws. Outside thenation that practices it, everything is infidel, alien and barbarous to it. Itextends the duties and rights of man only as far as its alters(SC, Bk IV, Ch 8). Rousseau believes this type of religion is good because it unites the divinecult with love of the laws. On the other hand, this type of religion has thepotential to make men superstitious and intolerant. When the boundary betweenChurch and state is clouded, men may begin to believe they are performing abold action in killing anyone who does not accept its gods (SC, Bk IV, Ch 8). Rousseau points out a third type of religion which in his own words is morebizarre. He calls this religion of the priest and states in givingmen two sets of legislation, two leaders, and two homelands, it subjects them tocontradictory duties and prevents them from being simultaneously devout men andcitizens. An example of this type of religion is Roman Catholicism. RomanCatholics are subject to the law of the Church as well as the law of the state. They are subject to the authority of the pope as well as the authority of theleader of the state. Also, they are commanded subject to the rule of the Vaticanas well as the rule of their homeland. For Rousseau, religion of thepriest is so bad that it is a waste of time to amuse oneself by provingit. Whatever breaks up social unity is worthless. All institutions that placeman in contradiction to himself are of no value (SC, Bk IV, Ch 8). BecauseRousseau finds serious faults with the first three types, he calls for people toadhere to a fourth kind of religion. He defines this as civil religion. Heasserts that it is the Sovereigns duty to require a purely civilprofession of faith and to establish the dogmas of a civil religion. Rousseauelaborates on this by stating, The dogmas of the civil religion ought to besimple, few in number, precisely worded, without explanations or commentaries. .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a , .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a .postImageUrl , .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a , .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a:hover , .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a:visited , .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a:active { border:0!important; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a:active , .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4dc9689304c2feafcfc141702851af4a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: International Business - Coca EssayThe existence of a powerful, intelligent, beneficent divinity that foresees andprovides; the life to come; the happiness of the just; the punishment of thewicked; the sanctity of the social contract and of the laws. These are thepositive dogmas. As for the negative dogmas, I am limiting them to just one,namely intolerance (SC, Bk IV, Ch 8). Furthermore, the Sovereign can banish anyman who does not believe these tenets. However, one is not banished for beingimpious, but rather, for being unsociable. Keeping this in mind, one can addressthe reasons why Rousseau feels a civil religion is necessary. For Rousseau, thistype of religion motivate s people in two distinct ways. First of all, for peoplein emerging societies, it creates fear and awe of a power larger than the state(Dent, 1988). Rousseau characterizes people in these new societies as incapableof understanding the real purpose and principles of law (SC, Bk II, Ch 6). Inturn, he fears that the ignorance of the masses will interfere with theirobedience of civil law. Recognizing the dilemmas associated with instituting asystem of laws in a new society, Rousseau places most of the burden on theLegislator (Trachtenberg, 1993). It becomes the Legislators duty to guide thepeople towards the common good. However, pointing the people in the direction ofthe common good will not just come as a result of the the Legislators highintellect nor his sound reasoning ability. Instead, the Legislator will have toappeal to a higher force, that the people are more comfortable with and trustingof (Rosenblatt, 1997). Rousseau states, Since, therefore, the legislator isincapable of usin g either force or reasoning, he must of necessity have recourseto an authority of a different order, which can compel without violence andpersuade without convincing (SC, Bk II, Ch 7). In this passage Rousseau isreferring in to the use of religion as an instrument of politics. Religionbecomes a means of motivating people to subject themselves willingly to the law(Trachtenberg, 1993). It appeals to the mans primitive instinct of survival. Motivation arises out of the fear and awe people have of divine power over them(Trachtenberg, 1993). They not only see the potential of civil sanctions, butthey also the fear heavenly retribution. Likewise, they see compliance with thelaw as a means of receiving the favor and blessing of God (Dent, 1988). According to one author, religion remedies the effect of the cognitivedeficit the Legislator encounters with a new people (Trachtenberg, 1993). However, the function of civil religion evolves simultaneously with thedevelopment of society. As a society changes and becomes more aware of thedirection of the common good, the purpose of civil religion shifts. Once thelaws have been implemented, citizens begin to learn through experience that itis to their advantage to live under the law (Trachtenberg, 1993). They no longerneed to be manipulated into obedience. This is not to say that civil religionloses its value and falls by the way side. Instead, it becomes a different kindof motivator. It is not used as a mechanism to impose obedience of the law, butrather, a means to maintain obedience to the law (Dent, 1988). Rousseau writes,For it is of great importance to the state that each citizen have a religionthat causes him to love his duties. But the dogmas of that religion are of nointerest either to the state or its members, except to the extent that thesedogmas relate to morality and to the duties which the one who professes them isbound to fulfill toward others (SC, Bk IV, Ch 8). This passage describes whatRousseau envisions society to be like. He suggests that civil religion willcreate an invariable bond between people and the law (Lemos, 1977). According toRousseau, the law, by its very nature has force, however when linked to religionthis force is increased (Trachtenberg, 1993). It is evident that one will haveduties in society regardless of the presence of religion (Dent, 1988). Simplyput, they are a requirements of civil association. However, it is not requiredthat citizens love these duties. This is where civil religion fits in. It is ameans of creating the love people have for their duties and moralresponsibilities. This love of the law is unlike that created by the religionof the citizen (Dent, 1988). While both provide a strong link between theindividual and the law, a civil religion does not turn the state into the objectof adoration. Nor does a civil religion emphasize intolerance. In fact itemp hasizes just the opposite point of view. Rousseau states, tolerance shouldbe shown to all those that tolerate others, so long as their dogmas containnothing contrary to the duties of a citizen (SC, Bk IV, Ch 8) In turn, theSovereign is not concerned with whether or not the dogmas of the civil religionare right or wrong but instead with the moral, social, and politicalconsequences it brings forth (Trachtenberg, 1993). Clearly, one can see thatRousseau takes seriously the function of religion in society. He outlines fourvery different types of religions in his texts but calls for adherence to onlyone, civil religion. He sees this type of religion as a serving a motivatingfunction. For people in emerging societies who are unable to understand thepurpose of law, civil religion motivates them to obey out of fear. For those indeveloped societies, the motivation to obey the laws comes from a love anddevotion to the law.

The Tempest Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The Tempest Persuasive Essay The Tempest was written in the early Stuart period in England when masques were becoming exceedingly popular, and were often performed at weddings to honor marriages. The Tempest is heavily influenced by elements of the masque, and can be performed with the same purposes as one, although it is far too rich to be classified simply into that genre of plays. In masques the use of spectacle was extensive. The Tempest reflects this in many ways. The very first scene, Act I scene i, is that of a ship in action, and requires elaborate special effects to convey a sense of realism. The banquet scene in Act III scene iii requires a quaint device to make it vanish, and also makes extensive use of costume, dance and music, as the spirits enter in the form of shapeless creatures and Ariel is the form of a harpy. The masque within the play in Act IV requires elaborate costumes for the goddesses and, ideally, machinery for Juno to descend as deus ex machina with. It also involves great amounts of s ong and dance. The entire play makes extensive use of music, with Ariels songs and Prosperos charms as well as the sweet airs of the island itself. Being non-human, Caliban, Ariel and the spirits require elaborate costume to make them appear so, and the court party members are decked in their finest court apparel, having just been at Claribels wedding, so that Miranda is taken aback by the brave new world / That hath such creatures int on seeing them. The elements of pastoral comedy in The Tempest are also linked to those of the masque. A natural man, Caliban, exists. So do a pair of noble young lovers, Ferdinand and Miranda, who are brought together in the pastoral setting of an island, unaffected by the corruptive influences of civilisation, making Miranda an innocent and undeceitful young woman. She has had no time for vainer hours, as other princesses would have, leading to vanity, but has been educated by Prospero, showing she is innocent rather than ignorant. She is uncoquetti sh and direct in her advances to Ferdinand in Act III scene ii, and yet is filial, worrying about disobeying her father in what she feels is right. It is her virtue and innate nobility that make Ferdinand mistake her, on their first encounter, as most sure the goddess of this island. Ferdinand is also virtuous, having the chivalry to bear logs for Prospero as punishment simply because he has been defeated and having the ability to let the pure white virgin snow upon my heart / Abate the ardour of my liver. The chastity of the two lovers points toward the need for reason to rule passion for a harmonious relationship. This is reinforced again by the masque, in which the unruly Vesus and Cupid are omitted, and instead include Ceres, Juno and Iris, goddesses of the harvest, reflecting mans harmony with nature; marriage, reflecting the importance of marriage vows; and the rainbow, reflecting the harmony of nature. The presence of the goddesses themselves in the masque reflects the elemen t of divine intervention in the masque. In masques, it was common for characters from Grco-Roman mythology to be featured, blessing the couple. Divine intervention is also manifested in Ariel, who can only do good, as seen by the fact that he could not work for Sycorax. He is subordinated to Prospero, as well as all the other spirits, weaving in the concept of the supernatural. Ariel also alludes to mythology in his attirements as a seanymph and harpy. However, it would be wrong to classify The Tempest as a masque, as although it contains many elements of the masque, it features a structured plot with an exploration of controversial ideas and themes, such as that of nature versus nurture in Caliban and Antonio, and that of disruption of social hierarchy. Masques tended to rely more on spectacle and moral than on plot; the plot was often weak or non-existent. Through this, we can see that Shakespeare incorporated elements of the masque into that of his conventional plays, producing a play that can be well-regarded in both respects. The Tempest contains certain antimasque elements, such as the conspiracies for murder. Antonio and Sebastian prove that even with all the benefits of noble birth and civilised education, evil men can be produced. This is against traditional masque ideas of nobility. Antonios act of usurping Prospero, and their intention to murder Alonso and usurp his throne, give the play tragic elements as well, as they value their personal benefits over those of society. The mock court party also has antimasque qualities, as the rough humour of their folly in attempting to be rulers tickles us in a base way. However, their intent to murder Prospero also presents a dark side of the play, and Caliban is a base, dull, uncivilised brute rather than the innocent and noble natural nice man of Spenser. The fact that he can appreciate the music while many of the people from civilisation cannot points to the fact that he does have a degree of the purity whi ch is destroyed by civilisation, but otherwise, we are little inclined to admire him. The struggle of Prospero to assert his reason over his passion, planning for the future rather than succumbing to his temptations for revenge, are also against the idea of the masque. Prospero, as the central character, has little to do with the elements of the masque at all, as the main concern of the plot is his education of the people on the island and his own education as a result of this. Thus, it would be impossible to claim that The Tempest is a masque, but possible to claim it has much to owe the masque. It is a masque to the limited extent that it contains most of the elements of the masque, but this is transcended by the fact that it contains much more that is not, making it a better and more profound play. In The Tempest, it would seem that no two characters could be further apart than Prospero, the right duke of Milan, and Caliban, the salvage and deformed slave. They represent two diff erent extremes on the social spectrum: that of the natural ruler, and the naturally ruled. Their positions on the social hierarchy are largely due to the fact that Caliban responds almost wholly to passions, feelings of pleasure his senses, while Prospero is ruled more by his intellect and self-discipline his mind. However, the fight that Prospero has against his own natural tendency to ignore the discipline of his intellect, and give in to pleasures such as vanity and self-indulgence, cannot be ignored. Caliban was born of a witch; Prospero is a magician. However, the types of magic practised by Sycorax and Prospero differ greatly: Sycorax, in many respects a traditional witch, worked within Nature and as a part of it. She worked with devils and the lowest orders of spirits. Prospero, on the other hand, exercises his magic by means of strict discipline and study, rising above the natural order by means of his greater knowledge, and actually coercing spirits of a fairly high rank, such as Ariel, to do his bidding and control other spirits for him. In the Arts which both represent, Prospero certainly reflects the world of the mind. And Sycorax does not? However, in the use of his Art, Prospero reveals himself as not wholly disciplined. okay Prospero enjoys using the power of his Art, as he tells us in his monologue just before his forgiveness of the court party graves at my command opd By my so potent Art. He has also shown that he enjoys using it to show off, as he did during the masque he provided for Ferdinand and Miranda, which he indulged in even when Calibans plot and the court party both urgently required his attention. Although we are not given details of Calibans birth, it seems likely that a creature as subhuman in appearance as Caliban was not born of a human union. It has been postulated that, to quote Prospero, he was got by the devil himself upon thy wicked dam, from a union between Sycorax and an incubus (an extremely attractive male apparit ion with intention to tempt). Caliban was therefore a creature born from passion, the offspring of an unholy pleasure. Prospero was not only of noble birth; he was also born to be the ruler of the city-state of Milan. Nobility, in Elizabethan times, carried with it heavy implications: it was expected that Prospero would be intellectually superior, and that he would exercise as great discipline over himself as he was expected to exercise over others, in his role of leadership. From their ancestry, Prospero is likely to be more ruled by his intellect, and Caliban by his love of pleasure. In the history of each character before the opening of The Tempest, there is a further contrast. Calibans original love for Prospero and Miranda, and his later misdemeanour and subsequent hatred for them, illustrate his fundamental reliance on his senses. Caliban loved Prospero and Miranda because they made much of me; and his response to this was purely sensual in his recollections: Thou strokst me, wouldst give me / Water with berries int. What Caliban responded to, more than anything else, was the sensation of pleasure that being loved and petted gave him. The action that caused Caliban to be removed from this position and punished was his attempt to rape Miranda, another example of how Caliban seeks pleasure. (Prosperos position on sexual relations is quite opposite he tells Ferdinand repeatedly not to take advantage of his daughter, and hammers the message home with the masque.) True but why? Make the full contrast clear. Prospero, on the other hand, enjoyed his original position as duke of Milan largely because he was able to study to his hearts content. This seems to indicate a particular reliance on the powers of the mind quite opposite to Calibans fault but in actual fact, Prosperos neglect of his duties and self-indulgence in pushing the matters of the state all to Antonio must be censured, and laid at the door of his lack of self-discipline. Prospero did these thi ngs because he enjoyed them so much and like Caliban, he was punished. Which is to say he did not fulfill his responsibilities. Be more direct. However, it must be noted that Prospero was able to learn from his mistake, disciplining himself into the study of magic only so far as it would restore himself, and Milan, to a state of rightful leadership. The decision to give up his magic at the end of the play can be attributed only to intellectual discipline; Prosperos understanding that for the good of his people and himself, he must give up that which gives him pleasure. It is not quite so one dimensional. During The Tempest itself, Prospero and Caliban have two very different purposes. Prospero intends to resolve the injury that was done to Miranda and himself, bloodlessly, by the use of his Art. Calibans dearest wish is to depose Prospero by killing him and, rather than resuming rule of the island himself, submit to the rule of Stephano. Prosperos purpose does indeed include passio n he wishes to take revenge on his false brother, and wants the dukedom returned to himself and Miranda. However, Prospero clearly manages to conquer his personal vendetta against Antonio, as evidenced by his forgiveness of him at the end, and his decision not to ruin Antonio by giving away his plot to kill Alonso. Besides, his personal desire to have his dukedom back is acceptable, because part of this desire is a wish to see the dukedom back in the hands of a ruler who cares for the people, not given to a ruler like Antonio, whose main interest is always himself. Prospero may be thinking in terms of self, but as long as he also keeps this lofty purpose in mind, we may say that the world of the mind has more power over him. good Calibans purpose in attaching himself to Stephano and plotting to kill Prospero is almost wholly passionate. The reason that Caliban believes Stephano to be a worthy ruler, indeed, a god, is that Stephano is the custodian of liquor, a substance that appeal s to his senses. His favourable response to Stephano is like his previous response to Prospero that someone who makes him feel good must be good. Likewise, his attempt at achieving revenge on Prospero is largely in retribution for the punishment Prospero has visited upon his senses. well said However, though Calibans desire for revenge is certainly not cerebral, his passions in it are not entirely sensual either. The crafty manner in which he persuades Stephano to aid him in his plan, by mentioning Prosperos riches and Mirandas beauty, shows the presence of some mental ability; as does his attempted tact in trying to keep Stephanos mind upon bloody thoughts. Furthermore, one of his grievances against Prospero is that he stole the island that was, by birthright, Calibans, and imprisoned Caliban upon it. This is part of the little evidence we have that Caliban operates using more than his senses and passions. However, Calibans mind is subject to his senses, much as Prosperos passions are subject to his mind. Calibans underlying motives are still passionate. His indignation at having his inheritance usurped loses its weight when we realise that, of his own free will, he will let Stephano rule showing himself to be naturally ruled, not ruler. At the end of the play, when he recognises that his choice of Stephano as a ruler was foolish, it is not mental reasoning that has led him to this conclusion, but the evidence of his senses and experience. Caliban has mind enough to function as part of society, but training him to become part of that society cannot be abstract, like Prosperos failed attempt at educating him with Miranda Calibans education must be practical and hammered home with his own senses. Neither Prospero nor Caliban cannot be said to be wholly mind or sensual passion, but Caliban does rely largely on his senses, and by the end of the play, Prosperos mind has achieved a great extent of control over his passions. text passage: Act I, Sc ii, lines 79-1 16. From Being once perfected how to grant suits to To most ignoble stooping Paying close attention to tone imagery, comment on the presentation of Prospero and important ideas in the play raised here. We are presented with the highly emotional and angst-filled account of past times in Milan narrated by the main protagonist of The Tempest, Prospero. The turbulence in his tale reminds us of the equally disturbing tempest in the previous scene with its general mood of disorder and destruction. Although there are no physical indication of violence as in the last scene, Prosperos report is coloured with such images. It is here, in Act 1 Scene 2 that we learn that Prosperos art had conjured up the tempestuous storm. Mirandas piteous heart demands a salvation for the poor souls onboard the ship but her father, the great magician, Prospero promises that, theres no harm done. He proclaims, tis time and sets out to explain his motive for raising The Tempest that is the driving force of the entire play. As he speaks of the past, Prospero is no doubt reliving every single detail in the dark backward and absym of time. He seems to have vengeance on his mind right now. Old wounds are cruelly re-opened and he re-experiences the bitterness of betrayal by is false brother and the pain of what had happened twelve year since. At the same time, he is also stirring up lost memories in Mirandas remembrance. We see Shakespeares magic at work as well while he deftly weaves the plot into his audiences mind. Every time Prospero calls Miranda to attention, Shakespeare speaks through the lips of his creation to his audience, Thou attendst not? Taking on the voice of father, magician and prince of power, the bard leads us straight into the crux of The Tempest of Prosperos voice. The usurped Duke of Milan speaks of the usurper, Antonio most vividly, using myriad images. We picture Antonios brilliance in politics as Prospero tells of how his brother being once perfected how to grant suits , how to deny them, who t advance and which to trash for over-topping supplanted him. He presents us with a hunting image as he acknowledges Antonios skill compliments him. Prospero uses a number of images in his speech to let us see Antonio as a political animal. He shows us how having both the key of the officer and office Antonio gained supporters and got rid of opposers. This double image aptly portrayed how he not only secured the authority entrusted to him; he also had the ability to assert that power to his own means set all hearts ith state to what tune pleasd his ear. At the same time, we notice that the play is one that rings of music, this is only one instance where music is mentioned. It is a recurring motif. He maneuvers his way into nature when he informs Miranda (and the audience) of the ivy which hid my princely trunk and suckd my vendure out ont. We see in our minds eye the devious Antonio who sucked the power out of his brothers welcoming hands and so, his life, leaving only a dry shell. Through the use of such imagery, Shakespeare unfolds the passionate tale of usurpation before the wondrous Miranda and us, the audience. The wise Prospero speaks of how he had laid himself wide open to harm in being transported and rapt in secret studies. Neglecting worldly ends, all dedicated to closeness and the bettering of his mind he entrusted Milan into the hands of his treacherous brother and in doing so, awakd an evil nature in his false brother. Not contented with his position, Antonio new created the creatures that were mine, changd em or else new formd em and confederates with King of Naples to bend Milan to most ignoble stooping. It is obvious that Prospero was not conscious of what Antonio was doing and so, we, the sympathetic listeners feel for him although we know that he is partly at fault for his downfall. Prosperos anger and feelings of vengeance is understandable but we know that theres no harm done. At the same time, as we listen to the usurped fling charge after charge at the amoral usurper like the sea waves beating relentlessly at the yellow sands, Shakespeare questions the Prosperos usurpation of the creatures of the island Caliban and Ariel. We find out later that the powerful mage subjects the most delicate monster, Caliban to most ignoble stooping and even the fine apparition, Ariel is not spared from the magic of Prospero who has him at his beck and call. They cry for liberty but do they receive it from the usurped master? This is another of the important ideas raised in the play. Miranda listens attentively to her father as he relives how he had placed his trust mistakenly on Antonio, like a good parent and how it beget of him a falsehood in its contrary. He needs will be absolute Milan. This convoluted image reminds us of how the unknowing Caliban had placed his trust and loved thee and showed thee all the qualities o th isle. The situation of Prospero twelve year since mirrors that of the abhorred slave , Caliban. Meanwhile, it also presents Antonio and Prospero as complex political creatures surviving in the realism of politics. The usurped did not refrain from usurping others in a different place and time. Here, we see the men as truly brothers because they are alike in their usurpation. The only difference lies in Prosperos benevolence in his decision towards reconciliation. We are given enough to be sure that Antonio will never consider the very idea because he made a sinner of his own memory. The man created and shaped his own reality to suit his means and this is another recurring motif in the play. We have seen how the people are unable to see through the illusion of the tempest and sometimes, they just do not understand their own reality because they do not want to see it. Prospero has made use of that weakness to recover his dukedom as he brings the plotters, Antonio, Sebastian and Alonso to the island for a lesson. We will meet the king of Naples who despairs of ever find ing his beloved son, Ferdinand after The Tempest and refuses to entertain the hope of seeing him again but we know he does in the end. Power, all prerogative had gone into the plotters heads and this veils the actual reality to become another reality in the mind. We encounter another motif in the play, that of fathers. We know that although the fathers (Prospero and Antonio) are enemies, they will forget their differences in the union of their child (Ferdinand and Miranda) eventually. This tale that would cure deafness is the stepping stone of the entire play and we are presented with a multi-faceted Prospero the magician who usurps, the wronged who was usurped, the avenger, the father, the master, the duke. Can we really define him? Shakespeare leaves that intriguing thought in our minds as we take leave of this account full of imagistic qualities and themes. The Tempest, written in 1611, was one of William Shakespeares last plays. It has a combination of superb characters, intere sting settings, and a good plot line—all held together by the running theme of magic, and its ever-present importance. A closer examination of the magic in The Tempest, and the publics view of magic at the time, will give insight as to Shakespeares choice of magic as a theme, and why it has made the play so successful and timeless. Magic presented itself to Shakespeare as a controversial topic, as it had been the persecution of those believed to perform black magic, (witches) that had been at the forefront of societal concerns since 1050. However, after 500 years of witch-hunts, a turning point occurred in 1584, at the publication of Reginald Scots The Discouerie of Witchcrafte (The Discovery of Witchcraft). This book was the first major book to denounce witch-hunts and their ringleaders, and unquestionable the first book in English to actually hypothesize about the methods of these so-called witches. It contained one chapter of approximately twenty pages describing what we m ight view as unsophisticated, old-time magic tricks. One would assume that it was this text, and texts succeeding this (The Art of Juggling, written by Samuel Ridd in 1610 also presented a few how-tos of magic) were probably not only what suggested the idea of using magic as a them to Shakespeare, but in addition, provided methods as to how the magic in the play might be accomplished. Despite the fact that in retrospective analysis it is fairly clear that witches were nothing more that magicians with a slightly different presentation, audiences were not always aware of –and those that were, were rarely convinced by—the two aforementioned texts. Witches were still persecuted and witch-hunts did not actually stop until the end of the seventeenth century. Therefore, Shakespeares use of magic was controversial, compounded by the fact that Prospero was presented in a largely good light—a move probably made as a political statement, as it is known that Shakespeares pl ays were sometimes written to include political suggestions to King James. However, when Prospero relinquished his powers at the end of the play, those that did believe in the witch-hunts were satisfied. Everyone was happy. After considering the contention that the masque scene was added for the purposes of compliment to Elizabeth and Fredericks marriage, one could conclude that Shakespeare learned more about magic after he wrote The Tempest. The reasoning follows. One could only assume that Shakespeare would have tried to make the magic in the play as fooling and magical as possible. Although there were two magic effects in the play, one of them –the spirit music—would not have fooled even the most unsophisticated and nave audiences. Even before the era of Harry Houdini, or even the wandering street magicians of the 1700s, audiences were not fooled by music being played offstage. It is the other effect, that of the banquet disappearance that, well executed, would have fooled Shakespeares audiences, and would even have a shot of passing muster today. However, this banquet sequence was in the masque scene, theoretically added two years after the original writing of the play. The question that begs to be answered therefore, is why didnt Shakespeare fund some other way of including a more sophisticated magic effect into the play? The most logical answer would be that he learned more about magic and witch techniques after he wrote the play. Maybe at first he was unable to grasp the explanations in the Scot text, or maybe he didnt even read it before the original writing—possibly it was just called to his attention, and he was unable to lay his hands on a copy until after he wrote the play Whether or not Shakespeare ever read the Scot text in its entirety, or whether or not the banquet disappearance was added before or after the original writing, neither is relevant to magics central importance to the play. Obviously, magic could grab audiences of Shakespeares time. As it happens, magic had been grabbing audiences since 2500 BC (according to a depiction of a magician on the Beni Hassan tomb in Egypt) and magic continues to grab audiences today. It caught Shakespeares eye, and has made the play timeless, and theatrically entertaining. Bibliography: .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 , .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 .postImageUrl , .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 , .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673:hover , .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673:visited , .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673:active { border:0!important; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673:active , .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673 .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc0fd6c7f2bc602f349d4873028da4673:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mining In Space -- AIAA And New York Academy Of Sciences On December 1 Essay We will write a custom essay on The Tempest Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Appealing to Tradition Fallacy

Appealing to Tradition Fallacy Fallacy Name: Appeal to AgeAlternative Names:argumentum ad antiquitatemAppeal to TraditionAppeal to CustomAppeal to Common PracticeCategory: Appeals to Emotion and Desire Explanation of the Appeal to Age Fallacy The Appeal to Age fallacy goes in the opposite direction from the Appeal to Novelty fallacy by arguing that when something is old, then this somehow enhances the value or truth of the proposition in question. The Latin for Appeal to Age is argumentum ad antiquitatem, and the most common form is: 1. It is old or long-used, so it must better than this new-fangled stuff. People have a strong tendency towards conservatism; that is to say, people have a tendency to preserve practices and habits which seem to work rather than replace them with new ideas. Sometimes this may be due to laziness, and sometimes it may simply be a matter of efficiency. In general, though, its probably a product of evolutionary success because habits which allowed for survival in the past wont be abandoned too quickly or easily in the present. Sticking with something that works isnt a problem; insisting on a certain way of doing things simply because its traditional or old is a problem and, in a logical argument, it is a fallacy. Examples of the Appeal to Age Fallacy One common use of an Appeal to Age fallacy is when trying to justify something which cant be defended on actual merits, like, for example, discrimination or bigotry: 2. Its standard practice to pay men more than women so well continue adhering to the same standards this company has always followed.3. Dog fighting is a sport thats been around for hundreds if not thousands of years. Our ancestors enjoyed it and it has become part of our heritage.4. My mother always put sage in the turkey stuffing so I do it too. While its true that the practices in question have been around for a long time, no reason for continuing these practices are given; instead, its simply assumed that old, traditional practices should be continued. There isnt even any attempt to explain and defend why these practices existed in the first place, and thats important because it might reveal that the circumstances which originally produced these practices have changed enough to warrant dropping those practices. There are quite a few people out there who are under the mistaken impression that the age of an item, and that alone, is indicative of its value and usefulness. Such an attitude is not entirely without warrant. Just as it is true that a new product can provide new benefits, it is also true that something older may have value because it has worked for a long time. It isnt true that we can assume, without further question, that an old object or practice is valuable simply because it is old. Perhaps it has been used a lot because no one has ever known or tried any better. Perhaps new and better replacements are absent because people have accepted a fallacious Appeal to Age. If there are sound, valid arguments in defense of some traditional practice, then they should be offered, and it should be demonstrated that it is, in fact, superior to newer alternatives. Appeal to Age and Religion Its also easy to find fallacious appeals to age in the context of religion. Indeed, it would probably be hard to find a religion which doesnt use the fallacy at least some of the time because its rare to find a religion which doesnt rely heavily on tradition as part of how it enforces various doctrines. Pope Paul VI wrote in 1976 in Response to the Letter of His Grace the Most Reverend Dr. F.D. Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury, concerning the Ordination of Women to the Priesthood: 5. [The Catholic Church] holds that it is not admissible to ordain women to the priesthood for very fundamental reasons. These reasons include: the example recorded in the Sacred Scriptures of Christ choosing his Apostles only from among men; the constant practice of the Church, which has imitated Christ in choosing only men; and her living teaching authority which has consistently held that the exclusion of women from the priesthood is in accordance with Gods plan for his Church. Three arguments are offered by Pope Paul VI in defense of keeping women out of the priesthood. The first appeals to the Bible and isnt an Appeal to Age fallacy. The second and third are so explicit as fallacies that they could be cited in textbooks: we should keep doing this because its how the church has constantly done it and because what church authority has consistently decreed. Put more formally, his argument is: Premise 1: The constant practice of the Church has been to choose only men as priests.Premise 2: The teaching authority of the Church has consistently held that women should be excluded from the priesthood.Conclusion: Therefore, it is not admissible to ordain women to the priesthood. The argument may not use the words age or tradition, but the use of constant practice and consistently create the same fallacy.

Revise Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Revise Paper - Essay Example Some of the examples include the differences in algorithm and heuristic rules. In my opinion, I find that he has a subjective view since the conclusions provided do not have enough groundings and contain only general observations. Still I find it to be an interesting article full of views that are believable and worth reading. Anne Lamott also demonstrates a clear point, that; writing does not occur naturally, even to the most experienced writers in the world. There is use of words such as â€Å"child’s draft† (which she regards as primary attempt to express the ideas, whereas secondary polishing still needs to be done) and â€Å"shitty first drafts† to make her argument more valid, which makes it easier for readers to understand that writing naturally is a misconception. I always notice that my first draft expresses mains ideas, but words selection and language in general requires amendments. Basically we can distinguish 2 steps of writing: expressing ideas and building proper linguistic structure of the text. An excellent illustration is in page 1 of her book where she asserts that there are no writers that write elegant first drafts. I agree with her view because it reminds me as a student that I should never feel embarrassed for writing my first drafts with so many mistakes. Compl eting the final draft requires analysis of all components which form one’s assignment: checking the smooth transition between ideas, logical structure of writer’s thoughts and language, which includes grammar, punctuation and stylistic analysis of the text. What helps is when the writer starts looking at a topic from different angles to get to the right ideas, hence the final draft. By making a conclusion I would like to say that creative requires balancing between one’s inner thoughts and ideas and they way those ideas are expressed via

The development of key ideas in contemporary management and leadership Essay

The development of key ideas in contemporary management and leadership development - Essay Example The effects of technology and globalization on various sector of the world’s economy had been satisfying. This is not to forget that sometimes the avenue may also find other inappropriate use. For organizations, there has been pressing need to adjust to such advances. For example, organization leadership has been greatly affected by globalization and technology. This is especially so given that various organizations try to make sure that they implement competitive quality management (Arendt et al., 2005). To do so, leadership and other management positions in many organizations have become highly competitive. Technology and globalization has affected management and leaderships of virtually global organizations in the following ways. Organizations are increasingly looking for very flexible, highly skilled and competent personalities to occupy their leadership positions (Rothstein and Burke, 2010). Strategic Human Resources Management There may be many explanations given to stra tegic human resource management (S-HRM). Even so, one may notice that irrespective of various definitions the common denominator usually points to the same meaning. S-HRM, therefore, is just the managerial process requiring human resource policies and practices to be linked with strategic objectives of the organization. The importance of a HR strategy is that it can be used as a tool to gain a competitive advantage. It is by that definition a key factor. Using the traditional approach to strategic management, one may observe that a strategic plan attempt to balance how best to utilize resources available in the business environment in order to meet some established desirable outcomes. S-HRM can as such also be seen as a set of managerial decisions and actions that determines how an organization will eventually perform in the long run. In fact, Mintzberg (1994) assert that a strategy defines an organization and reduces ambiguity. Given that organizations do go changes with time, orga nization development should therefore be approached from a strategic perspective that takes into account all the vital factors that are key to the success of an organization. A strategic management thinking that may impact on the productivity, performance and efficiency of an organization has to take into consideration the following. It should make address: mission and goals, environmental analysis, strategic formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation (Ridderstrale and Nordstrom, 2002). For organizational development, the role and position of the senior management in the organization shall be assessed within the context of organizations missions and goals. The functions and duties of the management should be geared towards achieving the set organization goals, values and objectives. As the management team, they should make sure that they, together with all those who are below them in the organization hierarchy, work towards achieving the organization goals. Goals s hould be consistent with what the organization does so that every effort and input could be analyzed in line with duties allocated. The goals should be measurable especially in the short term (Bordia et al., 2004). Any decision that the management shall execute in line with organization change or organization development shall take into consideration analysis of internal environment and external environment. As pertains to internal environm

Uk British Muslim Identity Sociology Essay

Uk British Muslim Identity Sociology Essay The purpose of this essay is to focus on the historical and contemporary construction of British-Muslim identity in U.K. and analyse its perceived relationship with radicalism. The first part of the essay will shed light on the problem of this umbrella term British-Muslim by highlighting the extent to which the religious identity of Muslims in Britain is beyond ethnic and national identities. In addition to this, this section will discuss whether putting a label of British-Muslim identity is legitimate, in terms of structure, meaning and a body of people who subscribe to the label. The next part of the essay examines why and how the British-Muslim identity has come to be associated with radical extremism. This section will include debates of integration and assimilation and discuss why some Muslims in the UK fail to achieve a sense of belonging in Britain and thus consequently turn to radical extremist organisations. In the end pertinent conclusions will be drawn based on the precedi ng arguments. Contemporary estimates suggest that the total population of British Muslims in the UK is approximately 2 million, or around 3.3% of the national population. This population is comprised of people from approximately 56 national backgrounds speaking around 70 languages including groups originating from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, North-Africa, the Middle East, South-East Asia, Iran and more recently Somalia, Iraq, Nigeria and Afghanistan as well as an increasing number of European Muslims including English converts.  [1]  Within these national backgrounds are a host of further ethnic divisions. For example, within the British Pakistani Muslim population there are Kashmiris, Punjabis, Sindhis and Pathans (Dahya, 2004: 77). Even further, many differentiate themselves based on Biraderi or clan, so that within the British Paksitani-Kashmiri Muslim population, there are Chaudaries, Rajputs, Kumars, Mistries and others. Such divisions based on Biraderi can heavily inform day to day rela tionships, marital and business partnerships as well as political allegiances (Shaw, 2000: 137). Within the wider framework of the British Muslim population there are strong denominational differences. There are the more widely known differences between Sunni and Shia Islam and the classical differences between the Hanafi, Shafii, Maliki and Hanbali Sunni schools of law. Then there are relatively recent denominational sects such as the Wahabi, the Deobandi, the Barelwi, the Ahl-e-Hadith as well as various Sufi brands of Islam (Raza 1993). Amongst British Muslims there are newly arrived immigrants, second and third generation immigrants whose parents and grandparents were born in the UK as well as indigenous converts to Islam whose ancestors came to the UK hundreds of years ago. On top of all these wide ranging attributes we must include the full spectrum of practicing and non-practicing Muslims, beginning with the very practicing for whom Islam is a complete way of life that informs every decision he/she makes, and ending with those for whom Islam is a mere relic of an ancient heritage, no longer important in contemporary life. In addition, socio-economic status can play a decisive role in the formation of identity within Muslim communities. Ansari notes that middle and upper-middle class Jordanians, Lebanese, Palestinians and Syrians appear to possess more multiplex relations with each other than with their own working-class compatriots (Ansari, 2004: 3). With all of these multifaceted differences it is clear that the term British-Muslim is one that is extremely complex and any accurate picture of the typical British-Muslim must be absent of colour, ethnicity, nationality, socio-economic status, political or denominational affiliation. However, one may then wonder, that despite such disparate and potentially conflicting sub-identities, how this term British-Muslim he come to be used so commonly among social scientists, academics, policy makers and the mass me dia. The next part of the essay discusses how, to a significant degree, many Muslims in the UK have overcome these internal differences and increasingly represent themselves as a united group of British-Muslims. Over the past few decades there has been heightened awareness and a greater level of self-representation of a British-Muslim identity among all sectors of Muslims in Britain. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, despite the vast array of varying cultures from which Muslims in the UK descend, Islam as a religion has inculcated a high degree of cultural uniformity across all regions in which it has spread. In the Development of Islamic Ritual, nineteen authors explore different aspects of Islamic ritual that are observed and performed through the Islamic world including the ritual performance of prayer 5 times a day, pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca and fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.  [2]  Many Muslims learn Arabic as a common language, share common names, use the same form of greeting and have the same dietary prohibitions. In recent years, the wearing of the Islamic headscarf has been adopted by females from a diverse range of ethnic and national background s as a powerful and expressive form of Muslim identity. In Why the French Dont like Headscarves, Bowen argues that for many Muslim women, the wearing of the Islamic headscarf is a conscious and deliberate display of Muslim identity that promotes social solidarity and community consciousness amongst the Muslim population. Thus, despite wide variances in the way Muslims from different backgrounds dress, there are numerous outward markers of Islamic identity that bind together disparate groups, whether they be in the performance of Islamic rituals or the wearing of Islamic clothing. Secondly, there has been a consistent drive from leaders amongst Muslims in the UK to form organisations representing Muslims at a national and international level. Mandaville (2003) argues that the media plays a key role in the development of British-Muslim identity, catering to second and third generation Muslims in the UK creating a public space in which issues relating to citizenship and belonging can be discussed. In Imagined Communities, Anderson argues that the invention of the printing press and the subsequent production of literature in vernacular languages across different regions of Europe helped to solidify nationalist sentiments by creating a sense of imagined community amongst those of the same linguistic background. Similarly, the growing British-Muslim media industry promotes a greater consciousness of Muslims from different backgrounds within the UK. The satellite TV channels named above cut across cultural, national and ethnic boundaries and serve as a unifying plat form of dialogue, news coverage and religious transmission heightening a sense of imagined community amongst Muslims in the UK.   ADD STUFF FROM MANDAVILLE and CESSARI Thirdly, despite the differences between the range of backgrounds from which Muslims in the UK originate, there are certain common interests which have brought together disparate groups of Muslims to lobby the government at a local and national level. For example, in 1994, Muslims in the UK launched the Halal Food Authority, an organisation to monitor and authenticate the halal meat and poultry trade in the UK, a service pushed for by Muslims from all backgrounds. Several arbitration tribunals, such as the Muslim Arbitration Tribunal, have been set up around to provide Muslims in the UK with legally binding dispute resolution mechanisms based on Islamic Sharia principles on family matters, inheritance and various commercial and debt disputes. During the outbreak of the Iraq War in 2003, much of the frustration felt by Muslims in the UK towards the government was channelled through peaceful protest facilitated by organisations such as the Muslim Council of Britain and Muslims of all b ackgrounds galvanised to speak with a louder and more unified Muslim voice. Such initiatives have required cross-cultural co-operation to achieve common aspirations amongst Muslims in the UK. Furthermore, Muslims in the UK have rallied together to show solidarity against perceived threats towards their community both nationally and worldwide. Samad (1996) and Saeed (1999) view the mobilisation of a British-Muslim identity as a response to the public devaluation and disparagement of Muslims that has lead to increased in-group solidarity. According to Ansari, the publication of the Satanic Verses (1988) and the first Gulf-War (1991) meant Muslims, more than ever, came to be imagined as outsiders, excluded from the essential notions of Britishness which, steeped in nostalgia, continued to be perceived as homogenous, Christian, white and rooted in past centuries (Ansari, 2004: 1). Such feelings of exclusion strengthened during the conflict in Boznia-Herzegovina (1993-1996), the War on Afghanistan (2001 to present), the War on Iraq (2003 to present), the publication of the cartoons depicted the prophet Mohammed (2005), EU immigration, asylum, race and security polices, includi ng the Terrorism Act 2006, which target Europes Muslim communities (Fekete 2009), the continuous demonization of Muslims in the media (Poole 2002, Gottschalk 2007) as well as Islamaphobia on a street level, which have all contributed towards a defensiveness among Muslims in the UK and a sense of common hardship. Ballard (1996) argues that that the increasing self-identification of second and third generation Pakistanis as Muslim is a reaction to their external rejection by the White majority and it is religion rather than ethnicity that takes prominence because it is the Muslim aspect of their identity which they feel is under attack. Thus, the increased ascendency of the Muslim aspect of a highly complex individual identity among some Muslims in the UK can be partly explained as a defensive reaction to perceived external threats. Moreover, Archer (2001) and Hopkins (2006) have argued that the transcendence of a British-Muslim identity above an ethnic or national based identity among young Muslims in the UK can be partly explained through an analysis of gender stereotypes and the performance of masculinity and femininity. Archer (2001) argues that young men construct a strong Muslim identity to counteract stereotypes of a weaker passive Pakistani or Bangladeshi identity and that talk of violence, action and hardness through religious idealism and martyrdom, drawing inspiration from ancient tales of Islamic conquest and bravery, can be seen as evoking a particular form of Muslim masculinity. Further, Archer argues that Islam provides a channel, whether scripturally legitimate or not, for men to discuss and define female behaviours as un-Islamic and thus an Islamic identity is expedient for the control and domination of women. Conversely, Akram-Nadwi demonstrates in Al-Muhaddithat: The Women Scholars in Islam, t hat Islam has for many generations, provided an avenue for female empowerment as an escape from the culture-bound patriarchy.  [3]  In Women and Islam: Images and Realities, Moghissi (ed.) expound upon the highly complex multifaceted realities of Islam, gender and female empowerment, revealing how both women and men selectively appropriate elements of Islamic doctrine in order to maximise their own empowerment within the scope of their circumstances. The politics of gender has made at least some contribution to the ascendency of a Muslim identity above ethnic or national identity for the UKs Muslim population. Finally, Muslim identity is used as an act of empowerment and to promote sense of belonging to an international body of people. Glynns study of Bengali Muslims in London (2002) shows that Islam provides young Muslims a positive alternative to the drug-culture to which they are exposed to within inner-cities. He writes the growing polarity between the drug culture and Islam is often remarked on. Islamic brotherhood is a potent antidote to alienationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Islam is something to be proud of, with a great history and international presence as well as religious promises of future glory, which can all transport its followers from the grey confines of the inner city (Glynn, 2002: 975). Through Islam, many Muslims obtain a sense of purpose, direction, history and belonging to a community broader than the narrowly restricted confines of their own neighbourhoods. Islam has also been used as a tool for empowerment within the family context. Macey (1999) suggests that Islamic prohibitio n on forced marriage is used by young Pakistanis in the UK to challenge parental pressures. Further, Islam is used to justify inter-racial marital relationships and to challenge the emphasis placed on colour, caste and ethnicity found in many cultural practices. Through Islam, many young Muslims in the UK find internal empowerment and tools to challenge parents and communities. For all of these reasons, a British-Muslim identity has emerged to unite disparate groups of people from a wide range of ethnic and national backgrounds. That there are Muslims in the UK is a fact, but the idea of a strong British-Muslim identity has only relatively recently come in to fruition and begun to assert itself. However, while many Muslims in the UK increasingly subscribe to this identity, it is not yet clear what it means to be a British-Muslim. We are now entering into the period in which the definitional boundaries of the British-Muslim identity are being constructed. In this period, competing fo rces, both internal and external to the British Muslim population, are actively contesting the details of the identity, pushing forward varying images of what a British-Muslim is supposed to be. A key arena in which this contest is taking place is in relation to radical extremism.    In light of these discussions, the next part of the essay will focus on radical extremism and the British-Muslim identity. In the aftermath of the 9/11 terror attacks in New York and the 7/7 bombing in London, much work has gone in to identifying the root causes of how a Muslim, born and raised in the UK, could be brought to take his own life and the lives of others with the sole aim of creating maximum devastation within his home country. Rather than limiting research to the exploration of the potential psychopathic tendencies of those individuals responsible for the terror atrocities, much research has suggested that the terror attacks were symptoms of deep rooted nation-wide problems with British-Muslim identity as a whole. It is alleged that such problems are responsible for the creation of radical extremist mentalities, broadly regarded as mentalities that foster violent hostility towards aspects of the British state. It is within this context that efforts by the UK Government t o prevent violent extremism operate. In order to better understand this context, it is necessary to explore how the perceived problems with British-Muslim identity have come to be associated with radical extremism. In Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West, Wiktorowicz provides a detailed study of Al-Muhajiroun, a UK based organisation aspiring towards the re-establishment of an Islamic Caliphate through both non-violent and violent means.  [4]  Al-Muhajiroun are a banned organisations in the UK under the Terrorism Act 2006 for glorification of terrorism. Wiktorowicz argues that Muslims in the UK who join this group are initially inspired by a cognitive opening which provides individuals with a willingness to expose them to the ethos of the organisation. This cognitive opening takes the form of an internal identity crisis that causes the individual to question what it means to be a Muslim in a non-Muslim society. Wiktorowicz suggests that one of the key triggers to this type of identity crisis is an individuals perception that Muslims are not accepted by British society. It would follow therefore that perceptions of discrimination would precipitate feelings of not belonging to B ritish society and leave an individual vulnerable to the message and ideology of organisations such as Al-Muhajiroun. Maxwells study of the 2003 Home Office Citizenship Survey revealed that according to the survey, there was no significant relationship between an individuals socio-economic well being and their perceptions of being discriminated against on the whole. However, the analysis showed that young university students were more likely than others to perceive that they were being discriminated against, despite being socially and economically better off than those who either could not afford or were otherwise unable to attend university. Wiktorowicz writes the experience of both racial and religious discrimination has prompted some young Muslims to think about their identity and how they fit into British society. This is particularly true of young university students who suffer from a sense of blocked social mobility (Wiktorowicz, 2005 :56).   According to this theory, it is frustration at being unable to accomplish what the individual perceives as being rightfully theirs that results in a heightened sense of alienation. This alienation provides some individuals with the cognitive opening necessary for joining organisations such as Al-Muhajiroun. An alternative theory suggests that young university students are more likely to perceive greater levels of discrimination due to knowledge acquired within the university environment. Taji-Fourakis work on Hizb-at-Tahrir (1996), another organisation aiming towards the establishment of an Islamic caliphate, suggests that the main appeal of Hizb-at-Tahrir for young university students is the organisations intellectual sophistication. University environments provide young Muslims the tools to research and debate issues relating to injustices of European colonisation and the partitions of the current Islamic world, giving some individuals the impetus to question their own place within the wider framework of interna tional political identities. Fouraki suggests that Hizb-at-Tahrir are able to capitalise on such thought processes and provide an avenue for such individuals to channel their grievances in a way that provides them with an opportunity to be a part of the supposed re-assertion of superiority of the Islamic world. According to these analyses, issues of identity play in to some individuals feelings of inferiority and rejection by the dominant host society. Such feelings provoke hostility, particularly among young highly educated Muslims, and lead to individuals wanting to become part of a greater force capable of retaliation towards the UK Government and institutions.  Ã‚   Herriots (2007) work on social identity theory suggests that people join groups and internalise the groups identity for two main reasons. The first reason is to fulfil the human need for self-esteem. Herriot suggests that many of those attracted to organisations such as Al-Muhajiroun and Hizb-at-Tahrir are those potentially lacking in a sense of dignity, acceptance or approval from the wider society. As such, some individuals substitute a divine power in place of society as the source of their self-esteem, finding dignity and validation in the performance of that which is understood to be gods will. The second reason is to fulfil the human need for certainty. Again, such organisations provide members with defined beliefs, values and norms, with the weight and authority of ancient and sacred texts that provide clear guidelines on what should and should not be done. Further, Herriot argues that the process of internalising a groups identity leads to the loss of an individual sense of s elf in favour of acting in accordance with the definition of identity provided by the category to which they belong. He writes individuals then behave as group members. Their actions are those of, for example, a radical Muslim or a born-again Christian. They are no longer those of Mohammed Atta or Howard Ahmanson as unique individuals with personal identities, but rather those same persons as members of categories to which they perceive themselves to belong (Herriot, 2007: 30). The individual is then less concerned about the elevation of the ego and more concerned about the advancement of the organisation as a whole. From this perspective, it is perhaps easier to understand why the actions of some members belonging to such organisations may seem self-deprecating or counterproductive to the individuals status or security, or even, as was the case with the 7/7 bombers, suicidal. Such explanations of the processes by which individuals join radical extremist organisations attribute blame to problems associated with British-Muslim identity. It is suggested that many Muslims in the UK struggle to find a social identity among the mainstream population in which they feel a sense of dignity, self-esteem and belonging and therefore resort to a competing identity which defines itself in opposition to the mainstream. It is within this context that the UK Governments policy directive towards preventing violent extremism finds justification for direct intervention in to the construction of British-Muslim identity. The rationale of such intervention supposes that violent extremism is caused by deep-rooted issues with the way in which Muslims in the UK conceptualise their belonging to British society. As such, the prevention of violent extremism requires intervention to neutralise such complications and promote a greater sense of belonging to British values, beliefs and p ractices among British Muslims. The manifestation of the UK Governments decision to intervene in the construction of British-Muslim identity is the PVE Fund. Chapter One analysed the construction of a British-Muslim identity, identifying the process by which a hugely diverse range of people from different backgrounds increasingly subscribe to this identity. The perceived problems associated with this identity provided a pretext for government intervention in to the British-Muslim identity through the PVE Fund and related measures to prevent violent extremism